Bioprocessing of Viral Vaccines (Amine Kamen)

Laboratories in Canada; the network of Institutes Pasteur and affiliated organi-

zations; Butantan institute in Brazil; Serum Institute in India; Robert Koch

Institute in Germany; Academy of Sciences in China; and many other organi-

zations worldwide involved in the manufacturing, procurement, and distribution

of vaccines. The Institutes Pasteur International Network with headquarters in

Paris is still operating as a network involving many institutes in the Americas,

Asia, and Africa, with a mandate that shifted from the original mission of pro-

viding vaccines wherever needed to centers and research organizations re-

sponding to broad national priorities.

In recent history and driven by high regulatory manufacturing standards, key

industries, such as GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Sanofi-Pasteur, Merck & Co, Pfizer,

and a number of other small and medium size companies have become active in the

field of manufacturing and commercialization of vaccines. The current situation of

India and China with important governmental and private vaccine manufacturing

TABLE 1.1

List of infectious diseases for which vaccines have been licensed

Disease

Year

Disease

Year

Smallpox

1798 ^*

Bacterial Meningitis

1975 ^&

Rabies

1885 ^*

Pneumonia: polysaccharide

1977 ^&

Typhoid fever

1896 ^*

Adenovirus type 4 and 7

1980 ^&

Cholera

1896 ^*

Hepatitis B

1981 ^&

Plague

1897 ^*

Invasive Hib

1985 ^&

Diphtheria

1923 ^*

Japanese Encephalitis

1992 ^&

Whooping cough: Pertussis

1926 ^*

Hepatitis A

1995 ^&

Lockjaw: Tetanus

1927 ^*

Chickenpox: Varicella

1995 ^&

Tuberculosis

1927 ^*

Lyme disease

1998 ^&

Tick-borne Encephalitis

1937 ^*

Pneumonia: conjugate

2002 ^&

Influenza

1945 ^&

Rotaviral diarrhea

2006 ^&

Yellow Fever

1953 ^&

Shingles: Zoster

2006 ^&

Poliomyelitis

1955 ^&

Papillomavirus

2006 ^&

Measles

1963 ^&

Dengue

2019 ^&

Mumps

1967 ^&

Ebola

2019 ^&

Rubella

1969 ^&

COVID-19

2021 ^&

Anthrax

1970 ^&

Notes

* Year of first reported use.

& Year of U.S. licensure.

Light gray background: egg-based production of vaccine.

White background: bacterial production of vaccine.

Dark gray background: cell-culture production of vaccine.

The list is Adapted from [ 10] and updated with data from [ 11].

Viral vaccines